The Robert Louis Stevenson Archive

Robert Louis Stevenson Studies 1994-1997

suggest an addition or correction to the list

Most of the 1994 section (titles with offset comments) has been kindly supplied by Jason A. Pierce. (N.S. = not seen)

1997
Ambrosini, Richard (1997). ‘L’antropologia come doppio della “fiction”: Stevenson nel Pacifico’. Lo stato delle cose 1 [marzo-aprile]: 42-54.

Aquien, Pascal (1997). ‘L’étrange cas du Dr Jekyll et de M. Gray’. in Naugrette (ed.) (1997), pp. 59-82.
[After mentioning the many affinities beween JH and Wilde’s Dorian Gray, Aquien focusses on the ‘monster’, from three points-of-view: (i) social (the monster as indicator of what society hides under a mask of respectability), (ii) psychoanalytic (the monster as an image of what the individual hides within himself), (iii) metafictional (the monster as metaphor of the text: the doubling and sliding of meaning in Wide’s paradoxes, the opaque and strange language of Stevenson, and the fact that both texts end with the death of the monster). (RD)]

Borinskikh L.I. (1997). ‘Philosophical and historical aspects of plot development in Treasure Island by R.L.Stevenson’. In *** (ed.) Traditions and interrelations in Foreign Literature in the 19-20^th Centuries. Perm: Perm State Univ. [In Russian]. [more about Borinskikh’s work]

Bordat, Francis (1997). ‘Hollywood au travail’. In Jean-Pierre Naugrette (ed.). Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde. Paris: Autrement (Figures mythiques). 119-147
[An interesting study of Hollywood versions of JH: ‘Justifications’ (how Hollywood screenplays justify Jekyll’s actions); ‘Incarnations’ (comparison of interpretations of Hyde); ‘Reflets’ (links between the films and their cultural context); ‘Développements’ (female characters added to the story); ‘Exhibitions’ (what the films show: sexual pleasures, violence, sadism and the metamorphosis); ‘Variation’ (handsome Hydes, female Hydes, erotic and pornographic versions, parodies, Mary Reilly); ‘Subtilités’ (examples of the instability of meaning associated with the fantastic in the cinema: the ironic classical staue in Mamoulian; the momentary lapses into the other character in The Nutty Professor; the complex Hyde in Frears’ version; the mythical density of characters in the 1941 version).

Mary Reilly is the first version to have some of the rhythm and suspense of the original and also include elements that are often removed (the trampling of the little girl; the transportation of the mirror to the cabinet). Stuart Craig’s magnificent set reproduces Jekyll’s house and allows the Hyde to pass through it to his bedroom after the first transformation, it includes the dissecting theatre and the extraordinary suspended metal gangway with its great symbolic force.

Fleming’s 1941 film makes an important contribution to the myth in its opposed female characters and adds subtle touches: for example, in the way that Jekyll, in a sequence of increased mutual attraction, momentarily looks at Ivy (when she comes to him to look for help) with unblinking eyes (associated with Tracy’s interpretation of Hyde) and, leaving, Bergman says ‘For a moment I thought…’ Bordat refuses to talk in terms of ‘betrayal’ of a text by the cinema: a myth is only constituted in its interpretation, revivifying its contradictions in an infinite search for an impossible resolution.]

Brown, Neil Macara (2006/7). ‘RLS, Frail Warrior’. Scottish Book Collector 5.vii (1996/7): 25-9. [S’s Vailima library]

Brown, Neil Macara (2007). ‘The French Collection’. Scottish Book Collector 5.ix (1997): 22-5. [S’s Vailima library]

Calanchi, Alessandra (1997). ‘ “Lurking about his victim’s room”: il laboratorio del dottor Jekyll’. In Lessandra Calanchi (1997). Quattro studi in rosso. I confini del privato maschile nella narrativa vittoriana. Cesena: Società Editrice Il Ponte Vecchio. 114-59.
[JH reflects Victorian anxieties of degeneration and of the divided self; doubleness and division is obsessively repeated in the language and narrative structures, including Jekyll’s house; architectural features (door, window) and objects (mirror, safe) occur repeatedly; changes occur in marks of identity like handwriting and voice; letters and other documents proliferate. Many references and footnotes.]

Colley, Ann C. (1997). “Robert Louis Stevenson and the Idea of Recollection”. Victorian Literature and Culture 25ii: 203-224.
[Stevenson’s thought about recollection (both conscious act and unbidden memory) is often expressed in optical metaphors (the magic lantern, the kaleidoscope, and the thaumatrope). These present recollected images as focused and available, in contrast to the fleeting memories of Walter Benjamin’s and his sense of the disappearing past. Perhaps, then, the conditions of empire encourage a memory less subject to fluctuations and offer a more stable nostalgia.]

Colley, Anne C. (1997). ‘ “Writing Towards Home: the Landscape of A Child’s Garden of Verses’. Victorian Poetry 35iii: 303-18. [Stevenson’s nostalgia for childhood - which he tried to regain through play and writing - is for flexibility of consciousness and for the vicarious violence of play. His adolescent protagonists (Jim, David) move back and forward between childhood and adulthood; the CGV poems show the child’s fluid spatial and temporal orientation. Children themselves are free from the duality and self-consciousness of nostalgia since they do not see the difference of near and far, then and now. Adult sensitivity for difference also makes play difficult (a bed is not a boat): both past and play-world remain unattainable. The play of writing was one way to escape form self-conscious dualism - the narrative has a continuous present and its events and speeches allow an acted-out play. ‘The writer becomes Jim Hawkins… Writing is the only way home’. Even the alienated Hyde unable to return to Jekyll can still write in Jekyll’s hand.]

Davidson, Guy (1997). ‘ “Ancient Appetites”: Romance and Desire in Robert Louis Stevenson’. Australasian Victorian Studies Journal 3 (1997). [The article examines Stevenson’s theory of literary romance in relation to late nineteenth century commodity culture. It focuses on Stevenson’s early pro-romance polemic, ‘A Gossip on Romance’, and the text with which he ‘revived romance’, Treasure Island, arguing that these texts, simultaneously and collaterally with their expression of a poetics of textual immediacy and parsimony, articulate resistances to Britain’s expanding mass society.]

Dibble, Lewis Acker (1997). ‘Symmetry and Memory, from Proust to Stevenson’. Indiana Univ. Diss. (DAI A 1997, Sept. 58: 3, 857; DAI No.: 9727924)

Edmond, Rod (1997). Representing the South Pacific: Colonial Discourse from Cooke to Gaugin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[Ch. 6 ‘Taking up with Kanakas: Robert Louis Stevenson and the Pacific’, pp. 160-193. How Stevenson came to demystify popular colonial literary forms, particularly the imperial adventure story and the cross-cultural romance in ‘Falesà’. Racism is problematized by placing it in the first-person narrative. Stevenson displays his fascination with the intersection of the Polynesian and the European]

Hammond, J.R. (1997), A Robert Louis Stevenson Chronology. New York/London: St. Martin’s Press/Macmillan
[a useful chronological listing, noting composition, publications and significant reading, as well as short biographical notes; at £35 for 101pp., pricey; Mehew has said that it contains errors]

Hirsh, Gordon (1997). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson’. Brothers, Barbara and Gergits, Julia (eds.). British Travel Writers, 1876-1909 (Vol. 174 of Dictionary of Literary Biography). Detroit: Bruccoli Clark Layman/Gale Research.

Hollander, John (1997). The Work of Poetry. New York: Columbia University Press. Ch. 8 is dedicated to A Child’s Garden of Verses.

[Hollander places ACGV in the poetic tradition and sees echoes of Herrick, Lovelace, Marvell, Cowper, Coleridge (reveries in front of the fire) and Whitman, but also anticipations of Hardy, De La Mare and Wallace Stevens.]

Hubbard, Tom (1997). ‘North and South in the Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson’. The Anachronist: a collection of papers. Budapest: Dept. of English Studies, Eötvös Lorán University.
[S’s early view of the South as the home of the complete artist, as an escape from ill-health and Calvinism; his later darker view of elements of the South (‘Olalla’, South Sea tales) and nostalgic return to Scottish narratives and emphasis on the importance of inherited characteristics ]

King, Charles (1997). ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. A Filmography’. The Journal of Popular Film and Television 25i: 9-20
[a careful filmography with introduction, correcting many errors in Geduld’s listing, adding more recent films and giving details of publishers of video versions]

Lecercle, Jean-Jacques (1997), “Tissage et métissage,” in Naugrette (ed.) (1997), pp. 41-58.
[Hyde can be seen (in ‘a Beckettan reading’) as a philosophical demonstration that the individual’s sense of identity is a mere construction. Jekyll and Hyde are like two stages in the ‘identity’ of a single person. The scene of Jekyll waking to see the hand of Hyde is like the thought-experiment of what would happen if we exchange the brains of two different people. Where Hume saw personal identity as an illusion, Locke took it to be based on the persistence of memory, and the memory of both forms of the protagonist persists in the other (what shows the fragility of identity is not the doubling but the repeated back-and-forward transformations).
Hyde is also the symbol of dissolution of the socially-constructed identity: he is the outcast, the symbol of everything that threatens the social order. What frightens Utterson (defender of ‘propriety’ and ‘property’) is that Hyde has Jekyll’s cheque and that he will inherit Jekyll’s fortune. Hyde is also the ‘real’ that threatens Lacan’s ‘reality’ (the socially-constructed identity that establishes the right of possession).
But Hyde is also ‘part of the fiction needed for the construction of the Ego’. The Ego of personal identity is woven from real and fictive experiences, past and potential, and requires at least two states of identity. The weaving of the Ego can also be seen as a mise-en-abyme of the text itself, woven from an interaction of writer and reader. Weaving (tissage) is inevitably accompanied by cross-breeding (métissage), the unstable mixture that however produces something new.]

Linehan, Katherine B. (1997). ‘Revaluing Women and Marriage in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Short Fiction’. English Literature in Transition 40i: 34-59.

Manlove, Colin N. (1997). ‘“Closer Than an Eye”: The Interconnectedness of Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. In Sullivan, C. W., III (ed.) (1997). The Dark Fantastic. Selected Essays from the Ninth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press (Science Fiction and Fantasy, Contributions to the Study of, No. 71) (ISBN 0-313-29477-1)
[possibly similar to Ch. 6 in Manlove 1994]

Mari, Michele (1997). Tu, sanguinosa infanzia. Milano: Mondadori.
[‘La freccia nera’: a fictional(ized) autobiographical fragment in which the young Mari reads Stevenson’s The Black Arrow and then receives the same book as a present from his father; he despairs of pretending to be reading and enjoying the latter, until he realizes that they are different translations. There follows a phrase-by-phrase comparison of the first sentence, presented as the gradual discovery by the young reader of marvellous difference. The same volume contains ‘Otto scrittori’: a fictionalized search to find the most authentic narrator of sea adventures in which the writers take part in the debate: see RLS in fiction]

Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (dirigé par) (1997). Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde. Paris: Autrement (Collection Figures Mythiques). 89 FF. 2-86260-738-X.
[collection of essays; illustrations; contributors: Jean-Pierre Naugrette (‘Genèse d’un texte, jeunesse d’un mythe’), Jean-Jaques Lecercle (‘Tissage et métissage’), Pascal Aquien (‘L’étrange case du Dr Jekyll et de M. Gray’), Cécile Petit (‘Cherchez la femme’), Richard Dury (‘Variations sur la main de Hyde’), Francis Bordat (‘Hollywood au travail’)].

Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (1997), “Genèse d’un texte, jeunesse d’un mythe,” in In Jean-Pierre Naugrette. Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde. Paris: Autrement (Figures mythiques). 7-40.
[Introduction to the volume. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is full of silences, fragments and contradictions, which cause problems for film adaptations and illustrators. The text combines contradictory mythical references (Frankenstein’s monster, Faust, Satan, Theseus), and personal and collective anxieties. Written in the period when the science of psychology was being created, JH uses Hyde presented as Darwinian monkey to discuss ideas of the human personality that had not yet been fully formulated.]

Neill, Roger (1997). Robert Louis Stevenson and Count Nerli in Samoa: The Story of a Portrait. Banbury: Red Lion Press. 0 9531199 0 4.[75 pp]

Pericoli, Tullio (1997). Morgana n.2. Miasino (Novara, Italy): Dante Albieri (distrib. Hoepli, Milan). Lit. 200.000.
[portfolio of illustrations]

Petit, Cécile (1997). “Cherchez la femme”. In Naugrette (ed.) (1997), pp. 83-97.
[The few marginal female characters in JH are mistreated or relegated to subultern roles: the product of uresolved Oedipal conflict, of the homosexuality that is hinted at, or perhaps because Jekyll is already an androgynous mixture of male and female. Mary Reilly doubles the text of JH and develops the theme of the opposition of the sexes.]

Sandison,Alan (1997). ‘Novel Adventures: Reading Robert Louis Stevenson’. Meanjin [Victoria, Australia] 56i: 161-69.

Schmid, Susanne (1997). ‘Emma Tennant’s Sister Hyde: Two Strange Cases of the Female Double’. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 45i: 20-32.

Alblas, Jacques B.H. (1996). 'The Early Production and reception of Stevenson's Work in England and the Netherlands'. Liebregts & Tigges: 209-219.

Alexander, Doris (1996). Creating Literature out of Life: The Making of Four Masterpieces. University Park: Pennsylvania University Press [Ch. 2 ‘The Real Treasure in Treasure Island’, pp. 23-43. Explores the novel's historical and social contexts and the process of its creation]

Arata, Stephen D. (1996). Fictions of Loss in the Victorian Fin de Siècle: Identity and Empire. Cambridge: CUP. [the 'twin obsessions' of late-Victorian imperialism and fin-de-siècle degeneration panic in the Sherlock Holmes stories, Jekyll and Hyde, Dracula, Haggard, Kipling and Wilde; Ch 2 (pp 33-53) ‘The Sedulous Ape: Atavism, Professionalism, and Stevenson’s Jekyll and Hyde’ is a reprinting of Arata 1995]

Botting, Fred (1996). Gothic. London: Routledge (New Critical Idiom). [Jekyll and Hyde pp. 138-142; defines gothic as 'the sense that there is no exit from the darkly illuminating labyrinth of language']

Brown, Neil Macara (2006). ‘Stevenson’s Scottish Books’. Scottish Book Collector 5iii (1996): 15-18. [S’s Vailima library]

Brown, Neil Macara (2006) ‘RLS Bibliopest’. Scottish Book Collector 5.vi (1996): 27-30. [S’s Vailima library]

Clunas, Alex (1996). "'Out of my country and myself I go': Identity and Writing in Stevenson's Early Travel Books." Nineteenth-Century Prose 23i: 54-73. [the treatment of S's authorial self in his travel writing, his fereedom 'to reinvent himself - to authorize himself, as it were']

Cornwell, Neil (1996). 'Two Visionary Storytellers of 1894: R.L. Stevenson and Anton Chekhov'. Liebregts & Tigges: 171-185 [compares 'Will o' the Mill' and Chekhov's 'The Black Monk']

Costello, Peter (1996). 'Walter Pater, George Moore and R.L. Stevenson'. Liebregts & Tigges (1996): 127-138.

Derry, Stephen (1996). ‘The Island of Doctor Moreau and Stevenson’s The Ebb-Tide’. Notes & Queries 43.iv: 437.

Fielding, Penny (1996). Writing and Orality: Nationality, Culture, and Nineteenth-Century Scottish Fiction. Oxford: OUP.
[investigates concepts of Scottish nationality and culture; 'drawing upon deconstruction, narrative theory, theories of orality, and psychoanalysis, Fielding examines works of experimental Scottish fiction as artefacts and commodities of Scottish popular culture'. Includes extensive discussion of ‘A Gossip on Romance’, ‘A Humble Remonstrance’, ‘Talk and Talkers’; ‘The Merry Men’, ‘Thrawn Janet’ and Treasure Island and has chapters devoted to Ballantrae (ch. 6) and Weir (ch. 7).]

Frayling, Christopher (1996). Nightmare. The Birth of Horror. London: BBC Books. [Ch. 3 pp. 114-161 is 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde'. Despite the popular 'book of the TV series' format this is a serious work, investigating in particular the development in the story of its composition and the way it has evolved in stage and film versions]

Hardesty, William H. (1996). 'Odds on Treasure Island'. Studies in Scottish Literature 29: 29-36.

Stephen B. Haugh & Zane Publishing (1996). Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. San Diego, CA: Zane Publishing (PowerCD). CD-ROM. $8.95.
[This CD-ROM, aimed at school audiences (it contains a dictionary), consists of: a general discussion and analysis of the book (Overview; Introduction to JH; Life of RLS; Creation of JH; Response; Analysis), information on play and movie versions, stills and audio clips from the three main movie versions (Frederick March’s lecture on the duality of man and the equivalent after-dinner discussion by Spencer Tracy), a copy of the text, many short extracts (numerous reviews and passages from literary critics), photographs of Stevenson and his family. A well-researched collection on a rather old-fashioned ‘platform’ (the advantages of CD-ROM apart from the audio clips not immediately obvious); it includes the whole text of Sullivan’s theatre version from the New York Public Library copy, so this is the first full publication of any version (later published in a definitive edition collating the three extant versions by Danahay & Chisholm (2005)). On sale at CdAccess.Com: http://www.cdaccess.com/html/shared/bljekyll.htm]

Houppermans, Sjef (1996). 'Robert, Alexandre, Marcel, Henri, Jean et les autres: R.L. Stevenson and his "French Connections"'. Liebregts & Tigges: 187-207 [Influence on Schwob, esp. 'Le Train 081'; on Alain-Fournier; on recent writers such as Claude Ollier, Le Clézio, Jean Echenoz]

Hurley, Kelley (1996). The Gothic Body: Sexuality, Materialism, and Degeneration as the Fin de Siècle. Cambridge: CUP. [a key scenario of late 19^th-century gothic is 'the loss of a unified and stable human identity, and the emergence of a chaotic and "abhuman" identity in its place; refers to RLS]

Issler, Anne Roller (1996, 2^nd ed.). Stevenson at Silverado, The Life and Writing of Robert Louis Stevenson in California's Napa Valley - 1880. ***: James Stevenson.

Jagoda, Susan Heseltine (1996). 'A Psychiatric Interpretation of Dr Jekyll's "Case"'. Victorian Newsletter 89: 31-33. [JH gives us a picture of the process of drug dependence - based on the behavioural characteristics listed in the American Medical Association's Manual]

Jolly, Roslyn (1996). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson and Samoan History: Crossing the Roman Wall’. Bruce Bennett, Jeff Doyle & Satendra Nandan (eds.) 81996). Crossing Cultures: Essays on Literature and Culture of the Asia-Pacific. London: SKOOB Books. 113-120. Reprinted in Kucich (2003).

Jourede, Pierre & Paolo Tortonese (1996). Visages Du Double: Un Thème Litteraire. Paris: Nathan.

Kabel, Ans (1996). 'The Influence of Walter Pater in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and The Picture of Dorian Gray'. Liebregts & Tigges (1996): 139-147.

Liebregts, Peter & Wim Tigges (eds.) (1996). Beauty and the Beast: Christina Rossetti, Walter Pater, R.L. Stevenson and their Contemporaries. Amsterdam: Rodopi (Studies in Literature, 19). $83, Hfl. 125 [papers from the 1994 colloquium at Leiden University to commemorate three writers who died in 1894; includes Peter Costello on the influence of Pater on RLS; Ans Kabel on the connection between Marius the Epicurean, Jekyll and Hyde and Dorian Gray; Tim Youngs on the ape-metaphor for social violence and degeneration in RLS; Sjef Houppermans on RLS, Marcel Schwob and Alain-Fournier, with affinities seen between Treasure Island and Le Grand Meaulnes]

Link-Heer, Ursula (1996), ‘Doppelgänger und multiple Persönlichkeiten. Eine Faszination der Jahrhundertwende’. [Doubles and multiple personalities. A ‘fascination’ of the turn-of-the-century’.] Arcadia 31: 273-296. [Medical science and imaginative writers had a shared interest in multiple personalities from about 1870 that contained quasi-mythological elements to create a relationship of ‘fascination’. The interrelationship of the two discourses is even shown in Taylor & Martin’s survey of cases that also includes Jekyll and Hyde in an explanatory note. Case histories were written like stories (a practice continued by Freud). Discourse produced discourse: after 1876 new medical cases sprang up like mushrooms (until Freud’s Studien über Hysterie, 1895, declines to use this model). One of these was of ‘Emile X’ reported by Proust’s father, Dr. Adrien Proust in 1890. Another was Hélène Smith described by Théodore Flouroys (1899), who wrote in different styles of different subjects apparently as different personalities. Flouroys saw her not as a medium but as a hysteric with polymorphic personality who had great ability in the writing of pastiches. Proust too was a writer of pastiches, which he saw as a way of avoiding unconscious imitations. Jekyll and Hyde was just the tip of the iceberg of writings on multiple personality. The article ends with information on the interest of Gertrude Stein and André Breton in automatic writing and involuntary imitation and with the multiple authorial personality of Pessoa.]

Locatelli, Angela (1996). 'Paradigmi del "Doppio" nell'episteme vittoriana. Rivista di Studi Vittoriani 1i: 39-59. [sees the Double as a 'epocal cultural topos'; discusses JH, Dorian Gray, Secret Sharer]

Mack, Douglas S. (1996). 'Dr Jekyll, Mr Hyde and Count Dracula'. Liebregts & Tigges (1996): 149-156. [similarities and differences; Darwinianism; ends with a claim for JH's essential Scottishness]

[The application of the methods of political economy to moral questions was much debated in Victorian times, including in novels. Stevenson’s interest in finance was connected to his enthusiasm for America, its sense of aspiration and adventure, for example in the boldness of Thoreau’s economic speculations in the first part of Walden. Stevenson’s essay on Thoreau suggests a link between moral economics and adventure. ‘The Bottle Imp’ is a tale of caution: it warns against diabolical pacts, and also turns on the deposition of ‘a caution’ in the sense of a pledge in the establishment of a contract. In this case, the caution is Keawe’s life.]

Mallardi, Rosella (n.d. [1996]). Il nuovo "romance" di R.L. Stevenson. Bari: Laterza.
[collection of articles: (i) 'La commedia dell'onore. Un racconto "arabo" di R.L. Stevenson' (Lingue e stile 24ii (giugno 1989); (ii) '"Tra il popolo del sogno": rilettura critica di Treasure Island' (Il confronto letterario [Dip. Ling. e Lett. Stran. Mod., Univ. Pavia] 8 xv (maggio 1991)); (iii) 'Lo strano caso di Dr. Jekyll e Mr. Hyde: una macchina narrativa perfetta per illustrare l'orrore verso e l'eversione di Hyde' (Annali della Facoltà di Ling. e Lett. Stran., Univ. Bari) 3 ser., 2i (1981)); 'Il "romance" di Ephraim MacKellar' (no indication of previous publication); '"The Enchantress": una "short story" per un matrimonio singolare'. In Aa. Vv. (1996). L'arte della "short story". Il racconto anglo-americano. Napoli: Liguori.)]

Menikoff, Barry (1996). 'Grub Street in a Velvet Coat: The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson' [review article]. Nineteenth Century Literature 50iv: 541-551.

Menneteau, Patrick (1996). ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: savoirs anciens et savoirs nouveaux’. Etudes Ecossaises 3 [‘Aspects du XVIIIe siècle’, GDR Grenoble III (février 1996)]: 171-177.
[Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde can be read like a detective story. The enquiry takes on a scientific quality that suits the historical context of the development of sciences; but, when the reader expects the unravelling of a scientific truth about various crimes, he is provided with Dr Jekyll’s confession, which insists on a religious definition of human nature, as divided between its earthly and spiritual parts: the traditional conception of man is thus reasserted with new vigour in the face of modernity.]

Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (1995-6). “Le texte et son double: le cas de M. P. et du Dr Forsyth.” Otrante 8: 149-159.

Niederhoff, Burkhard (1996). 'The Double Devil's Advocate. A Reading of Robert Louis Stevenson's Short Story "Markheim"'. Literatur in Wissenschaft und Unterricht 39ii: 83-95. [a close reading that focuses on the double motif and on moral and psychological paradoxes. It also contextualizes the story by comparing it to one of its sources, Dickens' "Christmas Carol", and to other works by Stevenson himself, the poem "If This Were Faith" and the novel "The Ebb-Tide"]

Pankow, G. (1996). 'The Wrecker by Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne - A modern detective story written a hundred years ago'. Esprit (Dec. 1996): 46-9.

Petersen, Per Serritselv (1996). 'The Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Motif in Jack London's Science Fiction: Formula and Intertextuality in "When the World Was Young" '. Jack London Journal : 105-16.

Rose, Brian A. (1996). Jekyll and Hyde Adapted. Dramatizations of Cultural Anxiety. London: Greenwood (Contributions in Drama and Theatre Studies, 66). [stage, screen, radio & TV adaptations 1887-1990; the addition of race, gender, class and economic concerns which become part of the popular meaning of the story]

Riach, Alan (1996). 'Treasure Island and Time'. Children's Literature in Education 27iii: 181-93.

Sandison, Alan (1996). Robert Louis Stevenson and the Appearance of Modernism. London: Macmillan. [Reviews by G. Hirsch in Victorian Studies 1998 41ii: 295-7 (http://mural.uv.es/agipe/Modernism.html); Glenda Norquay in Journal of Victorian Culture (1999) 4ii: 252-6]

Sandison, Alan (1996). '"Two-fold and Multiple Natures". Modernism and Dnadyism in R.L. Stevenspon's New Arabaian Nights'. AUMLA [Journal of the Australian Universities Language and Literature Association] 1: 17-31.

Stewart, G. (1996). Dear Reader: The Conscripted Audience in Nineteenth-century British Fiction. Baltimore/London: John Hopkins University Press.
[Discusses Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (pp. 359-76) in ch. 13 ‘The Gothic of Reading: Wilde, du Maurier, Stevenson, Stoker’: interplay of self-reference and reflexivity (359-60), doubling of signifiers (360-61), homophonic multiplication (361-2), pun as matrix (362-64), critical configurations of Hyde (364-5), one-way identification (365), Utterson as reader delegate (365-68), extrapolation hinging on interpolation (368), and ‘A Gossip on Romance’ (369-70), ekphrasis (371), prosopopoeia (371-72), vicarious projection (373-74), reading as preternatural visitation (375-76). ]

Sutherland, John (1996). Is Heathcliffe a Murderer? Puzzles in 19th-Century Fiction. Oxford: World's Classics/OUP. [pp. 184-8: 'What does Edward Hyde look like?' - contrasts film/TV focusing on Hyde's appearance with the 'perfect blank' in Stevenson's text; pp. 189-95: 'Who is Alexander's father?' - the reticent narrator of The Master of Ballantrae reveals through his precise annotation of dates that it is James who is the father of Henry's heir, Alexander].

Terry, R. C. (ed.) (1996). Robert Louis Stevenson: Interviews and Recollections. ***: U Iowa P (ISBN 0877455120). $24.95. [50 recollections by his wife, stepson, mother, Frances Sitwell, Andrew Lang, Henry Adams and others]

Warner, Marina (1996). “Siren, hyphen; or, the maid beguiled: R. L. Stevenson’s ‘The Beach of Falesá.’” In Hena Maes-Jelinek, Gordon Collier and Geoffrey Davis, eds. A Talent(ed) Digger: Creations, Cameos and Essays in Honour of Anna Rutherford. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Williams, M. Kellen (1996). "'Down With the Door, Poole': Designating Deviance in Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." English Literature in Transition 39iv: 412-429. [Utterson’s desire to see the indescribable Hyde, discover his secrets and name his deformities (culminating in the breaking down of Jekyll’s door) resembles the programme of late-19^th century criminologists, sexual pathologists and Realist novelists. Hyde, however, remains a ‘free-floating sign’ (like the “nameless longings” and “anonymous desires” that Stevenson refers to in an essay), so that all the attempts to describe and narrate merely reveal their own inadequacy to represent.]

Youngs, Tim (1996). 'Stevenson's Monkey-Business: The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde'. Liebregts & Tigges (1996): 157-170. [Darwinianism; middle-class under threat]

1995
Arata, Stephen D. (1995) 'The Sedulous Ape: Atavism, Professionalism, and Stevenson's Jekyll and Hyde'. Criticism [Detroit] 37ii: 233-259.

[Robert Louis Stevenson's depiction of criminal behavior in his famous novel entitled 'The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde' serves also as an indictment against the potential excesses of the professional class whose outward respectability could hide certain degenerate tendencies. part 1, ‘The Atatvist and the Professional’, examines how Hyde represents degenerate proletarian, decadent aristocrat and also (in the end) repressed middle-class gentleman; part 2, ‘The Seduous Ape’, argues that Jekyll and Hyde is ‘a displaced meditation on what Stevenson considered the decline of authorship itself into “professionalism”’.]

Borinskikh L.I. (1995). ‘The category of "play" in neo-romantic aesthetics of R.L.Stevenson’. In *** (ed.) 5th International Conference ‘English Literature in the Context of the Philosophical-Aesthetic Ideas’. Perm: Perm State University. [in Russian].

Brown, Neil Macara (2005). ‘A Wreck of Books’. Scottish Book Collector 4.x (1995): 7-9. [S’s Vailima library]

Brown, Neil Macara (2005). ‘Picking over the Bohns: Stevenson’s Vailima Library’. Scottish Book Collector 5.i: (1995), 19-21. [S’s Vailima library]

Davidson, Guy (1995). ‘Sexuality and the Degenerate Body in Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, Australasian Victorian Studies Journal 1 (1995): 31-40.
[The article sees JH in relation to contemporary discourses on physical and social degeneration. The post-Romantic middle ground of literature between rational and fantastic discourses is summed up in the two words ‘strange case’: a juxtaposition typical of the text’s problematization of oppositions. The text questions scientific controlling descriptions of deviancy, but is also conservative, in part conventionally seeing deviancy as coming from without and expressed on the physiognomy--and yet at the same time the oppositions between bourgeois males and the stigmatised Hyde are undermined by similarities and complicities. JH is seen as ‘an articulation of, and an attempt to exorcise, anxieties about social crisis in the mid-1880s’, with psychic and social disorder related to each other, especially through homosexuality used ‘as the master trope of disorder’.]

De Stasio, Clotilde (1995). 'Un disegno fatto di isole: La mappa dei Mari del Sud da R.L. Stevenson a Paul Theroux'. 135-47 in Mariateresa Chialant & Eleonora Rao (eds.). Per una topografia dell'Altrove: Spazi altri nell'immaginario letterario e culturale di lingua inglese. Napoli: Liguori.

Halberstam, Judith (1995). Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters. Durham: Duke University Press. Ch. 3 ‘Gothic Surfaces and Gothic Depths: The Subject of Secrecy in Stevenson and Wilde’. 53-85. Available as a series of reduced jpeg images in the Library section of the Oscholars site at http://www.oscholars.com/TO/Appendix/Library/halberstam.htm

[Jekyll’s experiments recapitulate the dynamic of restraint and production that Foucault associates with the late-nineteenth century’s medicalization of sex; Hyde is a Gothic monster associated with a ‘vertiginous excess of meaning’. ‘The Gothic text… invites readers into a free zone of interpretative mayhem. The pleasure of monsters lies in their ability to mean and to appear to crystalize meaning and give form to the meaning of fear. the danger of monsters lies in their tendency to stabilize bias into bodily form and pass monstrosity off as the obverse of the natural and the human.’ (85).]

Hubbard, Tom (1995). Seeking Mr Hyde. Studies in Robert Louis Stevenson, Symbolism, Myth and the Pre-Modern. Frankfurt-A-M etc.: Peter Lang ('Scottish Studies', 18: Publications of the Scottish Studies Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg Universitaet Mainz in Germersheim).
[Review: Burkhard Niederhoff (1997). Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 45 (1997): 258-59: ‘Too often, Hubbard progresses by means of associative juxtaposition rather than logical argument’.]

Le Bris, Michel (éd.) (1995). Stevenson. Paris: l'Herne (Les Cahiers de l'Herne, 66).
[Introduction; 41 photos; translations of 'The Castaways of Soledad', 'The Go-Between', and other texts not easily available in English; original essays: Naugrette, Jean-Pierre. 'Poésie, distance, nostalgie', Mohrt, Michel. 'Vérité et poésie chez Stevenson'. Reprinted essays and notices and extracts by Conan Doyle, Brecht, Masao, Rankin. Translated Stevenson-inspired texts by Hesse, Steinbeck, Barrie; Schwob's four essays on RLS, Artaud's screenplay of Ballantrae and 5 letters in which he discusses Stevenson. And translated interviews with Borges (int. by Balderson), Bioy Casares (int. by Balderson) and Mamoulian (on 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde' int. by Atkins). Full bibliographies.]

McCearney, James (1995). Le pays Stevenson. Paris: Christian de Bartillat. 211 pp. 110.00 Fr. (Euro?) ISBN 2-84100-032-X

[A highly individualistic, often quirky reading of the Stevensonian oeuvre, seeking to delineate the imaginary universe, ‘le pays Stevenson’, created over time in the work itself. It is a place where art is vital to the human condition and friendship the highest value, where the nature of man and the world is always dual and it is difficult but necessary to resist evil, and where the clash of cultures brings out the best or the worst in humankind. An interesting perspective on Stevenson’s works providing an overview for the general (though informed) reader. (Hilary Beattie)]

Menikoff, Barry (1995). 'Toward the Production of a Text: Time, Space and David Balfour'. Studies in the Novel 27iii: 351-62. [Catriona/David Balfour and its pre-publication history]

Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (1995). 'Espace et Lecture de/dans Treasure Island'. Brugière, Bernard (études réunies par). L'espace Litteraire dans la Littérature et la Culture Anglo-saxonnes. Paris: Presses de la Sorbonne Nouvelle.

Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (1995). 'Cartographies aventureuses'. Tropismes [Univ. Paris X, C.R.A.A.] 7: 63-102. [The map and literature; the ambiguous nature of the Treasure Island map.]

Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (1995-6). “Le texte et son double: le cas de M. P. et du Dr Forsyth.” Otrante 8: 149-159.

[Did Freud read Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde? Certainly JH must be seen in the perspective of the interest in double-life and double-personality cases of the period. Combined respectable/disrespectable lives can be seen in Deacon Brodie and Burke, Hare and Dr Knox and are investigated in The Moonstone (1868) and Edwin Drood (1870).

According to Fanny Stevenson, JH had a double parentage: Deacon Brodie and a paper in a French scientific journal. Jacqueline Carroy (1992) suggests that Dr Azam’s 1876 article on the Félida case of ‘double personality’ may have been the one that inspired JH. Certainly, JH can be seen as the literary reflection of a series of case-histories of double personality, which were themselves influenced by 19C fictional narratives. In its turn, JH played a part in the growth of psychoanalysis in its prophetic anticipation of the multiple nature of the human personality, the return of the repressed, the alienation of feeling ‘a stranger in my own house’, and the self-analysis in the last chapter. In addition ‘A Chapter on Dreams’ explores the role of dreams in the unconscious life and the feeling of doubling that accompanies writing.(also explored in the last chapter of JH).

Though Freud was a great reader he doesn’t mention Stevenson. Yet a German translation of JH was published in 1930 and in 1933 Freud published ‘The Case of Mr. P. and Dr. Forsyth’ in which patient and doctor are in a way doubles of each other. In a way, we can see JH as anticipating developments beyond Freud to Derrida: it is about a doctor who is doubled, who analyses himself as he doubles, and who doubles as he analyses himself.]

Niederhoff, Burkhard (1995). ‘Nachwort: “Die Metamorphosen eines Puritaners” ’. Robert Louis Stevenson. Dr. Jekyll und Mr. Hyde. Frankfurt a. M.: Büchergilde Gutenberg. 105-39.

Pittock, Murray G.H. (1995). 'The Naming of Characters in Scott and Stevenson'. Notes and Queries [Oxford, England] 42 (240)ii: 174-75.

Orel, Harold (1995). The Historical Novel from Scott to Sabatini. Changing Attitudes towards Literary Genre 1814-1920. New York: St. Martin's Press. Ch. 5 'Stevenson and the Historical Romance' (pp. 37-41), Ch. 6 'Robert Louis Stevenson and The Master of Ballantrae' (pp. 42-49).

Rennie, Neil (1995). Far-Fetched Facts. The Literature of Travel and the Idea of the South Seas. Oxford: Clarendon. Pp. 210-218.[traces the evolution of the Western view of the South Seas]

Rosen, Michael (1995). ‘Robert Louis Stevenson and Children’s Play: The Contexts of A Child’s Garden of Verses’. Children’s Literature in Education 26.i: 53-72.

[S had written about childhood, play and imagination before CGV, and at a time when serious studies of these phenomena had just begun in Britain.

It was the first collection of poems for children ‘expressed in the first person as if the writer were a child, addressed directly to a children’s audience’ in which the author draws on memories of his own life. CG was quoted soon after publication (and Sully uses ‘Counterpane’ in discussing childhood imagination in 1895). Archer complained that S avoided the pain of childhood, but the poems do include the child’s view of the uncomprehending and incomprehensible adult. CG is an experiment, expressing contradictory positions on childhood found in S’s own theorizing, with the group of poems on imaginative play particularly innovative and insightful. The poems can be divided into groups:

(i) those dealing with imaginative play with a first-person child’s voice: acutely observed, non-didactic and making no appeal to childish ‘innocence’;

(ii) those dealing with a child’s non-imaginative activities: more like conventional poems for children, betraying an adult presence and sensibility:

(iii) poems about the world seen through a child’s eyes: often with a small philosophical point, here the voice varies between child’s and adult’s;

(iv) those with an adult speaker: apparently didactic (though sometimes the message is undermined). ]

Rothstein, Jamie (1995). 'Robert Louis Stevenson's Anti-imperialism'. Diss. Abbstracts International 1995 Dec. 56:6, 2252A, DAI No. DA9536728 [N. Illinois Univ.]

Sandison, Alan (1995). Robert Louis Stevenson and the Appearance of Modernism. London: Macmillan. [S in the vanguard of Modernism (especially through his resistance to the authority of literary predecessors and his attempt to revitalize art through experiemental fictions); attention also paid to Stevenson's essays]

Satpathy, S. (1995). 'An Allusion to Stevenson in The Waste Land'. Papers on Language and History 31iii: 286-90. [S one of Eliot's childhood favourites; reference to 'Requiem' in WL; also the line 'Nor under seals broken by the lean solicitor' may be a memory of Utterson (often in empty rooms, breaks seals; act of unsealing/knowing followed by fear and terror)]

Scott, Paul H. (1995). Defoe in Edinburgh and Other Papers. *** [Scotland and its literary heritage]

Ungar, Krys (1995). 'D-ro Jekyll kaj s-ro Hyde: 75 jaroj de Esperanta traduk-arto'. Fonto 15:169: 13-24. [In Esperanto; on Esperanto translations of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde].

Winchester, Simon (1995). ' "Merry of Soul": the legacy of Robert Louis Stevenson'. The Smithsonian Magazine 26.5 (Aug. 1995): 50-8.

Wolf, Leonard (ed.). The Essential Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Including the Complete Novel of Robert Louis Stevenson. New York: Plume/Penguin USA, 1995 (ISBN: 0452269695). $14.95 [Introduction 27 pp (popular impressions of JH from film versions; biographical background); text with footnotes; the appendices contain 4 related short stories by RLS; a text by Gautier; plans of J's house; contemporary reviews; filmography and stage versions by Nancy C. Hanger ]

Yamamoto, Taku (1995). 'Fictionalizing Colonial Conflict: Robert Louis Stevenson in A Footnote to History: Eight Years Trouble in Samoa'. Shiron, Kawauchi [Sendai, Japan] 34: 61-78. [In English; colonialism; adventure fiction.]

‘Stevenson et les Sien’ [dossier]. Magazine littéraire 321 (mai 1994) : 82-103.

[Contributors: André Le Vot, Jean Echenoz, Alvaro Mutis, , Richard Holmes, Hugo Pratt, Patrick Raynal, Jacques Meunier; translated extracts from ‘Edifying Letters of the Rutherford Family’.]

Amalric, Jean-Claude. "The Master of Ballantrae: Un Conte d’hiver? Note sur un sous-titre." Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardiens 40 (1994): 119-25.

[French, ILL] Examines the structure of The Master of Ballantrae in comparison with Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale. Argues that the novel’s subtitle is misleading because it has the potential to point readers toward issues not of primary importance to the text.

Bevan, Bryan. "The Versatility of Robert Louis Stevenson." Contemporary Review 264 (1994): 316-19.

Bell, Gavin. In Search of Tusitala: Travels in the Pacific after Robert Louis Stevenson. London: Picador, 1994.

Booth, Bradford A., and Ernest Mehew (eds.) (1994-1995). The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson. 8 vols. New Haven: Yale UP.

[A definitive edition, fully annotated; a rich source of information of S’s life and works.]

Bowlin, Bruce. Robert Louis Stevenson: A Finding List of Stevenson Editions at the University of South Carolina. Columbia, SC: Department of Special Collections, Thomas Cooper Library, U of South Carolina, 1994.

Bozzetto, Roger (1994). “L’ dont le est une aventure.” Europe 770: 62-73.

Brown, Neil Macara (1994). ‘Ex Libris RLS: Much Travelled Books’. Scottish Book Collector 4.vii (1994): 5-8.

Brown, Neil Macara (1994). ‘Le Ona’s Library’. Scottish Book Collector 4.viii (1994): 5-8.

Cairney John (1994). ‘The Theatrical RLS: An evaluation of the theatrical aspects of Robert Louis Stevenson’. PhD dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.

[1) Skelt’s Toy Theatre and juvenile dramatic writing; 2) S begins to ‘act a part’ at Edinburgh University and acts parts in amateur theatricals; 3) Deacon Brodie; 4) 1884, the playwriting year at Bournemouth: Beau Austin, Admiral Guinea, Macaire, The Hanging Judge; with reference to Arthur Pinero’s 1903 lecture ‘Robert Louis Stevenson as Dramatist’; 5) early Victorian theatre and its influence on the Henley-Stevenson partnership; 6) Tusitala reading his work aloud at Vailima; 7) adaptations of Stevenson’s works by other writers for all performing media to date.

References to Stevenson’s life and works are used to reflect his lifelong preoccupation with the theatre and the theatrical potential evident in every element of his personality. This is the man of theatre as theatrical man. See also Cairney (2003).]

Calder, Jenni. "Islands of Adventure." Treasure Islands: A Robert Louis Stevenson Centenary Anthology. Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland, 1994. 7-13.

———. Robert Louis Stevenson: Centenary Celebrations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh District Council, 1994.

Lists events, primarily in Scotland, taking place in 1994 that are related to the life and/or works of RLS.

———. "Story and History: R.L. Stevenson and Walter Scott." Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardiens 40 (1994): 21-34.

[ILL] Differentiates between the approaches to historical fiction of Scott and Stevenson. Argues that RLS was too far removed from the history of an independent Scotland to be a true disciple of Scott. Asserts that RLS’s novels are primarily psychological and only secondarily historical.

Campbell, Ian. "Jekyll, Hyde, Frankenstein, and the Uncertain Self." Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardiens 40 (1994): 51-62.
[[ILL] Contrasts Jekyll’s initial approval of Hyde with Victor Frankenstein’s horror toward his monster. Notes the alteration of both texts by various productions in other media.]

Caserio, Robert L. (1994). ‘Fiction Theory and Criticism. 2. Nineteenth-Century British and American’. In M. Groden & M. Kreisworth (eds.). The John Hopkins Guide to Theory and Criticism. John Hopkin’s Press. http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/fiction_theory_and_criticism-_2.html
[p. 259: ‘Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) is perhaps a narrativized theory of naturalism’s self-contradictory split between reason and bestiality’, i.e. the contradiction of scientist-novelist who observes human animals.]

Clunas, Alex (1994). ‘Comely External Utterance. Reading Space in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. The Journal of Narrative Technique 24: 173-89.
[How meaning is destabilized through the changing perspective of Jekyll’s house and identity; spatial discontinuities correspond to fragmented narrative structures and both cause a metamorphosis in interpretation. Utterson takes exteriors as expressions of interiors, and sees reality in terms of ‘good’ and ‘evil’, but reaching the cabinet he finds no solution to the mystery. Lanyon’s account stands at the meeting point of the real and the fantastic. Jekyll’s account promises closure but Jekyll still clings to the opposition of good and evil that his narrative questions.]

Connor, Steven. "Rewriting Wrong: On the Ethics of Literary Reversion." Liminal Postmodernisms: The Postmodern, the (Post-)Colonial, and the (Post-)Feminist. Eds. Theo D’haen and Hans Bertens. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994. 79-97.

Cotroneo, Roberto (1994). Se una mattina d'estate un bambino. Lettera a mio figlio sull'amore per i libri. ***: Frassinelli. Eng. transl. (trans. N. S. Thompson). Letters to My Son on the Love of Books. ***: HarperCollins, 1998. (ISBN: 0880016310) [one of the four "letters" explains how Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island instructs us on anxiety]

Davies, Hunter. The Teller of Tales: In Search of Robert Louis Stevenson. London: Secker & Warburg, 1994.

Dekker, George. "James and Stevenson: The Mixed Current of Realism and Romance." Critical Reconstructions: The Relationship of Fiction and Life. Eds. Robert M. Polhemus and Roger B. Henkle. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1994. 127-49.

Eigner, Edwin M. "The Master of Ballantrae as Elegiac Romance." Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardiens 40 (1994): 99-106.

[ILL] Reads The Master of Ballantrae as a precursor to twentieth-century meditations on the deaths of problematic heroes. Sees Mackellar’s narration as an attempt at self-identification. Argues that, by surviving, the "unheroic, sterile, prosaic Mackellar" serves to "redefine heroism."

Everett, James D. "Stopped Motion: The Poetics of Containment in Victorian Travel Writing." Diss. U of Washington, 1994. DAI 55 (1995): 2401A.

Examines travel writings of late Victorian era (including those of RLS) and shows how they attempt to "stop a moving world" by setting parts of it down in words.

Federico, Annette. "Books for Boys: Violence and Representations in Kidnapped and Catriona." VIJ: Victorians Institute Journal 22 (1994): 115-33.

Foss, Chris. "Xenophobia, Duality, and the ‘Other’ Side of Nationalism: A Reading of Stevenson’s Jekyll and Hyde." Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardiens 40 (1994): 63-76.
[[ILL] Argues that Jekyll’s attitude toward duality results in xenophobia directed toward his Hyde persona. Asserts the potential for reading Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as an allegory of the dangers of xenophobia as exacerbated by ethnocentric British imperialism.

Harman, Claire. Introduction. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Other Stories. By Robert Louis Stevenson. London: J.M. Dent; Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, 1994.

Hinchcliffe, Peter. Introduction(?). The Ebb-Tide. By Robert Louis Stevenson. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1994.

Jasper, Michael Burris. "‘A Double Monster Born Dead’: The Degenerate and the Criminal in Victorian Britain." Diss. Kent State U, 1994. DAI 55 (1995): 2405A.

Examines issues of abnormality, morality, and degeneracy in late-Victorian British literature, including that of RLS.

Jumeau, Alain. "The Master of Ballantrae: Roman d’aventures ou tragedie?" Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardiens 40 (1994): 107-18.

[French, ILL] Argues that The Master of Ballantrae is not a merging of adventure and fantasy genres (both of which RLS had already explored with Treasure Island and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, respectively) but of adventure and tragedy with fantasy serving only to problematize the story’s conclusion. Maintains that "le triomphe ultime de la tragédie" confers depth to the adventure fiction genre.

Knight, Alanna, and Elizabeth Stuart Warfel. Robert Louis Stevenson: Bright Ring of Words. Nairn, Scotland: Balnain, 1994.

Le Bris, Michel (1994). ‘Stevenson, l'Écossais qui rêvait des îles bleues’. Grands Reportages 149 (juin 94) : ****.

[An apologetic celebration, typical of the period of Stevenson’s exclusion from the canon. S’s life suggests why dualism was so important to him: bohemian child of conventional parents, Lowland Scot, invalid, exile—though the relationship with his father was the central dualism. S’s reputation has been harmed by association with children’s literature, by the fact that the few works he is remembered by do not constitute a recognizable oeuvre and by the fact that his life-view is not pessimistic. In his best work (Kid, JH and Weir) ‘perhaps in spite of himself, he failed to emasculate his art. He opens his eyes, and ours, to the confusion of reality’. Livesey concludes that ‘If Stevenson deserves a place in our adult lives, his reputation must… rest on only a few works’. ]

MacLeod, Dawn.."R.L.S. in Perthshire." Contemporary Review 265 (1994): 267-71.

[Describes stay of the Stevensons at Kinnaird Cottage, Pitlochry, during the summer of 1881. Cites contemporaneous correspondence.]

Magris, Claudio (1994). ‘Il guardiano del faro. Nel centenario Stevenson’ [The lighhousekeeper. The Stevenson centenary]. In Claudio Magris (1999). Utopia e disincanto. Saggi 1974-1998. Milano: Garzanti.

[In this overview of Stevenson’s life and career written for the 1994 centenary, Magris (novelist, essayist and professor of German literature) emphasizes the ‘lighness’ that had been praised by Calvino (in his 1955 essay on Treasure Island), talking of ‘luminosa gaiezza’ (luminous gaiety), ‘una leggerezza ariosa’ (an airy lightness) and ‘leggerezza mozartiana’ (Mozartian lightness), this latter comment also echoing Emilio Cecchi who had called Stevenson ‘una sorta di Mozart del romanzo’ (a sort of Mozart of the novel) in 1935 (when for Anglo-American critics Stevenson was an outmoded belle-lettrist). Stevenson ‘is a writer of arabesques, conscious that the compact and totalising image of the world and of history of the great nineteenth-century socio-realistic novel has been shattered’ (156). Like Heine he ‘combines love for the fabulous past with Ariosto-like irony that dissolves it because aware of its unreality’ (156).]

Manlove, Colin (1994). Scottish Fantasy Literature: A Critical Survey. Edinburgh: Canongate [Ch. 6: 'Stevenson, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886)', pp. 103-118]
[In addition to citing numerous other RLS texts, includes an entire chapter (6: 103-18) on Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, a rewrite of his earlier article in SSL 23. Labels the novella "urban Gothic." Traces its "interrelatedness." Shows its influence on short novels that closely post-date it.]

Mann, Susan Garland, and David D. Mann. "Robert Louis Stevenson: Tales from the Prince of Storytellers." Huntington Library Quarterly: A Journal for the History and Interpretation of English and American Civilization 57 (1994): 87-91.

Meger, Kurt Zitlau. "Feminist Doubles of ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’: Rewriting a Classic." Thesis, California State U—Long Beach, 1994. MAI 33 (1994): 733.
[Compares Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde with Valerie Martin’s Mary Reilly and Emma Tennant’s Two Women of London.]

Menegaldo, Gilles (1994). '"Markheim", un récit emblematique du fantastique selon Stevenson'. Europe 72 (March 1994): 92-102.

Menikoff, Barry. "‘The Problematic Shores’: Robert Louis Stevenson in the South Seas." The Ends of the Earth: 1876-1918. Ed. Simon Gatrell. London & Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Ashfield, 1992. Vol. 4 of English Literature and the Wider World. Gen. ed. Michael Costell. 141-56.

Calls In the South Seas one of RLS’s "most original and imaginative experiments." Conceives of Stevenson’s South Sea writings as predominantly philosophical rather than political. Pays particular attention to writings on the Marquesas.

Naugrette, Jean-Pierre (1994). "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Essai d’onomastique." Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardiens 40 (1994): 77-95.
[Posits possible meanings for many of the names in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.]

Niederhoff, Burkhard (1994). Erzähler und Perspektive bei Robert Louis Stevenson. Würzburg: Köningshausen & Neumann (Epistema, Würzburger Wissenschaftliche Schriften, Reihe Litteraturwissenschaft, Bd 120).
[Notes on the JH chapter (pp. 29-57): JH can be read both symbolically (to find meanings) and analytically (to find the solution to the mystery). The second way (Barthes’ ‘hermeneutic code’, cf. Silverman 1983) is encouraged by false clues and ambiguous replies. Three aspects are examined to clarify the function of the analytic structure in the narrative. (i) The discovery that “the two men are one man” is the solution to the mystery and also part of the symbolic meaning of the story. But the narrative makes the other possibility (that one man is two men) equally important: the narrative shows us Jekyll and Hyde as clearly different and opposed. (ii) There is a close connection between the detective plot and the psychological themes. Concealment, a natural part of a detective story, is prominent in JH but here even the ambivalent detective-figure, Utterson, tries to hide things. (iii) The connection between the ‘analytic structure’ solution of the mystery story and the complex narrative structure and the involvement of various perspectives. The first eight chapters are told largely from Utterson’s perspective (with an admixture of authorial and anonymous observer perspectives). Utterson is not only similar to Jekyll but also significantly different (his repressed side is social and humane and is released by positively-connotated wine). Jekyll has been taken as an untrustworthy narrator, but he is reliable as to facts (and his narrative solves some remaining mysteries) and he is only untrustworthy in his varying way of referring to sexuality and his relationship with Hyde. Argues against a poststrucuralist and psychoanalytic analysis.]

Niederhoff, Burkhard (1994). "Ein lungenkranker Abenteurer: Der Erfinder von Dr. Jekyll und Mr. Hyde: Vor 100 Jahren starb der Schriftsteller Robert Louis Stevenson." Süddeutsche Zeitung 3 / 4 Dec. 1994.

Nollen, Scott Allen (1994). Robert Louis Stevenson : Life, Literature and the Silver Screen. New York: McFarland & Company (ISBN: 0899507883), $55.00 [film adaptations and misrepresentations]. more information on this edition

Persak, Christine. "Spencer’s Doctrine and Mr. Hyde: Moral Evolution in Stevenson’s ‘Strange Case.’" Victorian Newsletter 86 (1994): 13-18.
[Links Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde to the psychological-evolutionary theories of Herbert Spencer. Pays particular attention to the "use-inheritance," the idea that civilized sensibilities such as justice and sympathy are hereditary. Characterizes Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as "an attempt to integrate evolutionary doctrine with Christian dogma."]

Pollin, Burton R., and J.A. Greenwood. "Stevenson on Poe: Unpublished Annotations of Numerous Poe Texts and a Stevenson Letter." English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920 37 (1994): 317-49.

Gives detailed citations of RLS’s marginal notes in various Poe texts. Purports to chart the relationship between RLS and John H. Ingram (editor of Poe’s Works of 1874-75) and the influence of Poe on RLS.

Rankin, Nick (1994). "The Strange Case of Robert Louis Stevenson". BBC Worldwide (Dec.).
[2-page overview on the specific genius of RLS and his continuing interest as a writer]

Rose, Brian Andrew. "Transformations of Terror: Reading Changes in Social Attitude through Film and Television Adaptations of Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." Social and Political Change in Literature and Film: Selected Papers from the Sixteenth Annual Florida State University Conference on Literature and Film. Ed. Richard Chapple. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1994. 37-52.
[Uses film adaptations of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as "a ‘barometric’ guide to shifts in popular attitudes toward social issues." Argues that, because RLS’s work is a "tracer text," modifications to plot, characterization, and themes expose a given adaptation’s audiences attitudes toward various ideas and archetypes. (A refined version of Rose’s 1993 dissertation.)]

Sagar, Keith. "D.H. Lawrence and Robert Louis Stevenson." The D.H. Lawrence Review 24.2 (1994): 161-5.

Charts similarities between the lives of Lawrence and RLS. Relates references to RLS in Lawrence’s letters. Notes connections between The Silverado Squatters and Kangaroo.

Scally, John. Pictures of the Mind: The Illustrated Robert Louis Stevenson. Edinburgh: Canongate (in association with the National Library of Scotland), 1994.

Largely biographical. Pays particular attention to the relationship between visual art, both by RLS and others, and Stevenson’s texts.

Seed, David (1994). ‘Behind Closed Doors: The management of Mystery in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. Sage, Victor & Allan Lloyd Smith (eds.) (1994). Gothick: Origins and Innovations. Amsterdam/Atlanta, Georgia: Rodopi (Costerus New Series 91). Pp. 180-189.
[Stevenson generates and intensifies mystery by “building the action around figures of concealment and then of exclusion. A central part of the novella consists of a series of entries into Jekyll’s house and these entries constitute the gradual uncovering of his secret.”]

Sellin, Bernard (1994). ‘Narrator and Narrative Voices in The Master of Ballantrae’. Proceedings of the Scottish Workshop of the E.S.S.E. Conference, Bordeaux, 1993. Grenoble/Germersheim: G.D.R. Etudes Ecossaises/Scottish Studies Centre. 113-23.
[The narrative technique in MoB reinforces its meaning. The Preface (and editor’s note at the end of ch 6) already gives us a model of embedded narrative emphasizing the distance between observer and events and also the artificiality of the writing process. The portrait of Mackellar is as interesting as the confrontation of the two brothers. The clash between his vindication of the truth and his personal involvement is partly concealed by ‘a systematic reference to details and dates’. His admission of gaps in his personal knowledge disguises the way he undermines and invalidates the testimonies of others. There is also a clash between an asserted modest stance and the way he constantly promotes himself in the narrative and is obviously involved in a struggle for power. Two inset narratives are highlighted for special attention: the Master’s murder story told on the ship, and the final epitaph. The latter underlines the difference between the narrated Mackellar and the narrator Mackellar.]

Spuirru, Rafael. “Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894).” Suplemento Literario La Nacion 24 July 1994: 4.

Steele, Karen (ed.) (1994). The Sayings of Robert Louis Stevenson. London: Duckworth.

Sutton, Max. “Jim Hawkins and the Faintly Inscribed Readewr in Treasure Island.” Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardien 40 (1994): 37-47.

[ILL] Argues that the Jim-narrator is an adult reflecting on past experiences for the benefit of an ostensibly adult audience. Asserts that the uncertainty surrounding Treasure Island’s implied audience results in its broad-based appeal.

Williams, Mary Kellen. “‘Leaping Pulses and Secret Pleasures’: Inscribing the Wayward Body in Late-Nineteenth Century Fiction.” Diss. Washington U, 1994. DAI 55 (1995): 3526A.
[With other texts, uses Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde to show how fictions that use “the wayward body” argue against the realistic mode and its tendency toward scientific intelligibility. Argues that anti-realist texts are precursors to modernist narratives.]

Willsdon, Clare. “The Web That Stamps the Story Home.” Times Literary Supplement 4765 (29 July 1994): 17.

Wright, Daniel L. “‘The Prisonhouse of My Disposition’: A Study of the Psychology of Addiction in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.” Studies in the Novel 26 (1994): 254-67. An on-line version is at http://mural.uv.es/agipe/psycologicalstudyjekyll.html
[Argues that Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is concerned with psycho-physical addiction rather than internal moral conflict. Cites texts on addictive behavior. Diagnoses Henry Jekyll as chemically dependent.]